Specification

An elliptical head refers to a head consisting of a half elliptical shell and a straight edge (cylindrical short section). Since the radius of curvature of the elliptic curve changes continuously, the elliptical shell is only subjected to the stress of the bovine film in its entirety, and the discontinuous stress is small due to the common tangent line at the joint between the elliptical shell and the straight side. A standard elliptical head with a ratio of long and short axes equal to 2, the edge stress at the junction of the elliptical shell and the straight edge is small and may be disregarded.
Dish head are used as a cap in order to end pressure vessels barrel. Depending to the design and construction of vessels, these caps are used in various configurations.

1. Hemispherical

Hemispherical head is made in form of half-sphere and technically is the ideal shape for a vessel head. This is because forces are spread out equally across the head. The radius of the hemisphere is constant as opposed to an elliptical head. The radius is equal the the radius of the shell that it attached to.

2. Elliptical (2:1)
Also known as an ellipsoidal head and is the most common type of head. This is also called a 2:1 Elliptical head. The shape of this head is more economical, because the height of the head is just a quarter of the diameter. Its radius varies between the major and minor axis.

3. Torispherical

These heads are sometimes referred to as flanged and dished heads after the manufacturing process. The geometry of the head is composed of the crown or dish radius, the major portion of the head. The dish radius is a fixed radius whose size id dependant on the type of head. The knuckle radius is the radius to the outer edge. This type of head has good drainage when used in the vertical position.

4. Conical

Conical heads possess more inherent strength than flat heads. Conical bottoms, depending on the angle of the cone, provide excellent bottom drainage. Placing a nozzle at the bottom of a conical head will allow for solids and precipitate to immediately get flushed out. The ASME code limits conical heads without a knuckle radius to a maximum included half angle of 30 degrees. The conical angle is specified differently depending on the manufacturer, some specify the included angle while others the angle of the cone in reference to the tangent line of the head.

5. Flat

This is a head consisting of a toroidal knuckle connecting to a flat plate. This type of head typically is not used on pressure vessels since it is inherently very weak. But sometimes they are used in form of welded cap to cap configuration for making external thick wall expansion joints.

Chemical Composition